Papers - CULLEN Brian
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Fluency Development through Skill Transference Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of the 10th Annual JALT PanSIG Conference 68 - 79 2012.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper reports on a classroom activity which was carried out at several Japanese universities. The students self-modelled by considering an activity that they had learned successfully in the past. They then utilized this modelling by considering how they could apply the same kinds of processes to something that they wanted to learn or improve.
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Effective Language Patterns in the Classroom Reviewed
Brad Deacon,Sarah Mulvey ,Ben Backwell
JALT2012 Conference Proceedings 1 - 8 2012
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association For Language Teaching
This paper begins with a discussion of the importance of teacher and student beliefs in the learning
process. The main body of the paper offers practical suggestions on how to convey these beliefs to
students through the usage of effective language patterns including Yes-Sets, modal operators, and embedded
suggestions. Advice on delivering suggestions using analogue marking is also discussed. In order
to quantify the effects of language pattern usage, a study was conducted and the results are reported in
the second part of this paper. The paper concludes with a short summary of a research study, which was
aimed at quantifying the benefits of these language patterns in the language learning process.Other Link： https://mail.jalt-publications.org/files/pdf-article/jalt2012-039.pdf
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The Effect of Teacher Language Pattern Use on Timed Reading Speeds
Brian Cullen
New Directions 31 1 - 10 2012
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
You probably remember a teacher who motivated you when you were in elementary school, high school, or university. When you think about that teacher again now, you may even be able to remember some of the wordsthat teacher used, words that effectively motivated you to learn much fasterand more easily than in other classes. As teachers, we are aware thatstudents may be motivated or demotivated depending on which words andphrases we choose to use in the classroom, and an effective teacher carefullyuses words and language patterns that influence students positively in their learning (see Cullen & Mulvey, 2012 for many examples of languagepatterns that you can use in your own classroom to motivate students.)
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/3289675/The_Effect_of_Teacher_Language_Pattern_Use_on_Timed_Reading_Speeds
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EFL Textbooks: Explaining Japan to the World
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 18 ( 4 ) 3 - 5 2011.06
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
One of the goals of English education in Japan is to help Japanese people to share their culture with people around the world in ways that enrich both their lives and the lives of the Japanese people. This article looks at how this idea can be incorporated into learning materials.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/19_2.pdf
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Poetry Writing in the EFL Classroom
Brian Cullen
New Directions 29 13 - 20 2011.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Writing poetry can be an interesting and useful occasional activity for students. It helps promote awareness of rhythm, intonation, pronunciation, imagery and other aspects of language. This article presents a number of ways to help students to write poetry more easily.
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The Sorting Hat Invited Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Trancescript 52 3 - 4 2011.02
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Transformations New Zealand
This article examines how the story of The Sorting Hat in the book, Harry Potter, can be seen as a psychological metaphor for the choices that we make in our lives.
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Getting Creative in Our Materials Reviewed
Cullen, Brian
Between the Keys 18 ( 2 ) 2011.01
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article examines how writers can become more creative in their learning materials, and also how these learning materials can foster creativity in students in the classroom and beyond.
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Supporting L2 Creativity Invited Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Proceedings of Micelt 2010 Conference, Melaca, Malaysia 2010.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper provides a summary of a major research study which aimed to help L2 songwriters in overcoming difficulties in the creative process.
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The Infinite Possibilities of Scrapbooks Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of the 8th Annual JALT Pan-SIG Conference 1 - 10 2010.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
Scrapbooks have been shown to be a useful way for students to personalize their learning and to share their own lives through a foreign language. This paper offers a variety of techniques for achieving this in the classroom.
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Writing for a book packaging company Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 18 ( 2 ) 5 - 9 2010.05
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Many modern textbooks are not written by a single author or even two authors who collaborate, but instead are rather 'packaged' by a publisher who creates them specifically for the needs of a particular client or market. This article reports on this process and how writers can start working within the system.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/18_2.pdf
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Applying Dilts' Model of Logical Levels to Language Learning
Brian Cullen
New Directions 2010.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
Dilts' model of Logical Levels is well-known within the world of coaching and therapy. This paper explores how the distinctions of Environment, Behaviour, Capability, Beliefs and Values, and Identity also provide a gateway into understanding language acquisition at different levels.
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Exploring Second Language Creativity: Understanding and Helping L2 Songwriters Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Leeds Metropolitan University 2 - 431 2009.11
Language：English Publishing type：Doctoral thesis
This study investigated how to help Japanese songwriters writing in English. It also aimed to evaluate and develop tools for probing the mental processes underlying L2 creativity. Evaluating various methodologies (corpus analysis of lyrics, interviews, verbal protocol analysis, and journal studies) led to eight case studies of Japanese L2 songwriters centered on the "dialogues of creation" which arose in one-to one songwriting workshops where the researcher adopted multiple roles including researcher, EFL teacher, creative coach, audience, and songwriter.
Songwriting was shown to be a flexible use of cognitive, social, linguistic, and psychological strategies to solve a "song puzzle," simultaneously manipulating mental representations, inner voice, external constraints of song norms and language, and internal constraints created by writing. Key requirements underlying L2 creativity were revealed as flexibility in strategy and language use, openness, creation of favourable circumstances, awareness of L1 norms, and development of craft through appropriate feedback and experiential learning. Other important issues addressed were motivations, inner and external validation criteria, borrowing and ownership, and L2 identity negotiation.
Three approaches to helping L2 songwriters were formulated: a language-centered approach highlighting deviation from English song and linguistic norms, a skills-centered approach utilizing an L2 songwriting model, and a learner-centered approach identifying characteristics of the "good L2 songwriter." Teacher mediation through songwriting exercises and feedback created an experiential and organic curriculum which facilitated rapid development of strategies and self-correction skills.
The investigation into mental processes, use of metaphor, and management of multiple roles may interest qualitative researchers. The descriptions of creative cognitive strategies in manipulating mental representations and inner voice, importance of inner validation, and process model of L2 songwriting may inform research in L1 and L2 creativity. Pedagogic implications for experiential learning, collaborative learning, organic curriculum, bilingual clustering, and L2 identity negotiation may contribute to EFL and ESP. -
A Corpus Analysis of English Pop Songs
Brian Cullen
New Directions 27 1 - 13 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper presents an analysis of a corpus of English language pop songs. It analyses lyric content, word frequency, common collocations, and the high percentage of interpersonal vocabulary used in these songs.
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Scrapbooks: Sharing Your World: Sharing ideas, lessons, and resources Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Conference Proceedings of JALT National Conference 2008 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper shows how scrapbooks are a motivational and effective tool for allowing students to share their personal interests in an unthreatening environment.
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Shared Identities: Our Interweaving Threads
Brian Cullen
PAC7 at JALT2008 Conference Proceedings 970 - 983 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper explores the development of teacher identity and the influences upon it.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/recentpdf/proceedings/2008/E035.pdf
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Effect of POS-tags on Student Reading Comprehension for General Science and Academic Paper Texts
NAKANO Tomofumi, KOYAMA Yukie, CULLEN Brian
New Directions 26 1 - 11 2008.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper presents the results of an experiment to analyse the effect of pos-tagged data on reading comprehension. A total of 308 first and second year students at a Japanese engineering university participated in the experiment. The study produces preliminary evidence indicating that the use of POS-tags can cause a slight increase in student reading comprehension.
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Difficulties in L2 songwriting Reviewed
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 31 ( 10 ) 3 - 3 2007.10
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This paper presents the rules of a study investigating the challenges facing second-language songwriters and how they can be assisted in overcoming these challenges.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf/the_language_teacher/10_2007tlt.pdf
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Using EFL in Music in Japan Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Jim Smiley
The Language Teacher 31 ( 7 ) 2007.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article provides a historical review of the use of music in EFL in Japan.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf/the_language_teacher/07_2006tlt.pdf
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What are the Chords: Understanding L2 songwriting
Brian Cullen
New Directions 25 1 - 22 2007.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper is part of a larger study which aims to better understand the processes involved in L2 songwriting and to assist L2 songwriters to write better songs in English. This is a highly complex area that includes issues from L2 writing, creativity, music composition and many other research disciplines. In this paper, an attempt is made to gain understanding of the L2 songwriting processes by reducing the number of variables studied. Songwriting involves many different processes. In the same way that a song can be thought of as being divided into music and lyrics, so the songwriting process can be conceptually divided into music composition and lyric writing. While many songwriters do both at the same time, it is useful to try to isolate the two processes in order to investigate them separately. This paper reduces the amount of music composition by asking the participants to write lyrics to a supplied piece of music. It does not completely remove the music composition element, as considerable melodic freedom is possible in the task. It presents data from two Ll songwriters and two L2 songwriters. The main research question behind this study is to identify what processes these L1 and L2 songwriters use as they write lyrics to a piece of music.
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Tracing the flow of L2 creative writing
Brian Cullen
New Directions 24 1 - 17 2006.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper takes a metaphorical analytical approach to the understanding of the process of creative writing. Through the metaphor of a sculptor creating and polishing his work, we gain a window of insight into the creative process and the difficulties faced at each stage.
