Papers - CULLEN Brian
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The Unheard Voice in Materials Development Reviewed
Niall Walsh, Brian Cullen
Nagoya JALT Journal 5 ( 1 ) 76 - 89 2024.11
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
DOI： https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTCHAP.NAGOYA5.1-5
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Some Thoughts on Potential Benefits of Online Learning for University Students
Brian Cullen
New Directions 40 2024.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Considering Some of the Practical Issues of Materials Development Reviewed
Brian Cullen,Niall Walsh
2022 PanSIg Journal 2022 2023.05
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT
This paper builds upon earlier survey research from Walsh and Cullen (2021) that investigated the materials development approaches of a
sample of EFL teachers in Japan. A major limitation of that study that prompted the current one was its failure to spotlight the d etailed
practices of individual teachers. Through case studies, the real-life experiences of four experienced teachers are documented. The results
reflect the previous study's data insofar as the main challenges are a lack of time and resources. Additionally, material developers generally
do not follow a principled framework when constructing or evaluating their materials, nor is there much awareness of research or models in
the wider fields beyond EFL, such as education and instructional design. Based on these results, the paper concludes with potential solutions
for how the language teaching profession in Japan can support materials developers and mobilize the whole profession towards producing
higher quality materials -
The Effects of Physical Activity on the Perception of Feeling Alive
Brian Cullen
New Directions 39 2023.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Creating high quality audio for listening materials. Reviewed
Sam Keith, Brian Cullen
JALT Postconference Publication - Issue 2021.1; August 2022 2021 ( 1 ) 167 - 181 2022.08
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT
This paper introduces a practical step-by-step process for the creation of high-quality audio
materials for use in EFL listening materials. The paper begins by explaining a simple approach
based on using the built-in functionality of smartphones, showing in detail how to record and edit
audio for use in language-learning activities. The use of effects such as equalization, compression,
and noise reduction is explained, and the reader will learn how to export audio. By the end of the
paper, the reader will have an understanding of the entire process of turning scripted or unscripted
listening materials into a complete high-quality product that can be used in the classroom or for
online learning activities.DOI： https://doi.org/10.37546/JALTPCP2021
Other Link： https://jalt-publications.org/articles/27474-creating-high-quality-audio-listening-materials
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Revisiting the Concept of Qi as Life Force
Brian Cullen
New Directions 2022.07
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Moving Towards Higher Quality Materials Development in Japan Reviewed
Niall Walsh, Brian Cullen
2021 PanSIg Journal 2021 229 - 239 2022.05
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT
This paper builds upon earlier survey research from Walsh and Cullen (2021) that investigated the materials development approaches of a
sample of EFL teachers in Japan. A major limitation of that study that prompted the current one was its failure to spotlight the d etailed
practices of individual teachers. Through case studies, the real-life experiences of four experienced teachers are documented. The results
reflect the previous study's data insofar as the main challenges are a lack of time and resources. Additionally, material developers generally
do not follow a principled framework when constructing or evaluating their materials, nor is there much awareness of research or models in
the wider fields beyond EFL, such as education and instructional design. Based on these results, the paper concludes with potential solutions
for how the language teaching profession in Japan can support materials developers and mobilize the whole profession towards producing
higher quality materialsOther Link： https://pansig.org/publications/2021/2021_PanSIG_Journal
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NLP and Magic in Music, Education and Life Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Psychotherapy Yearbook 2022 2021.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Association of NLP Institutes
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Tell Me More About “Evolving Education—Tools for Educators" Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Tools for Educators 2021.10
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：WeEvolve
Other Link： https://www.nlp-institutes.net/sources/articles/tools-for-educators
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Basic Sound Engineering for Creating Listening Materials - Part 1 Reviewed
Sam Keith, Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 29 2021.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
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Brian Cullen
New Directions 39 1 - 10 2021.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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The Manic Art of Materials Writing Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 28 ( 2 ) 4 - 7 2020.07
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT
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Effectiveness of Poster Presentations for CLIL Courses Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Vick Ssali, Cameron Smith
PanSig Journal 2019 2019 56 - 62 2020.06
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper discusses the effectiveness of poster presentations as a teaching methodology in Content and
Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) courses. In the course being described, students are tasked to do
research, design and make poster presentations on a topic from each of the themes covered. The authors
propose that these presentations provide an opportunity to meet Coyle's four Cs criteria: content,
communication, cognition, and culture, and share their own experience of how they have successfully
integrated poster presentations as a core activity in classroom learning. Links between CLIL and higher
motivational levels are also explored. Finally, the results of an extensive student questionnaire are
presented. The questionnaire was designed to elicit the learner's perspective on their experiences
researching, preparing and presenting the posters. The results showed a general satisfaction among the
students with the process as a means to communicate new information to one's audience. Nevertheless,
some of the student responses reveal they miss some opportunities to go beyond content and to improve
more on their L2 learning and communication through the processes of research, practice, and
presentation. -
Promoting Learning through Mental Practice and Embodied Simulation
Brian Cullen
New Directions 38 1 - 10 2020.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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Transitioning from Author to Publisher Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 28 ( 1 ) 4 - 7 2020.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT
Other Link： https://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/28_1.pdf
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The Wall of the Shamrock Reviewed
Brian Cullen
MindBrained ThinkTank 6 ( 1 ) 17 - 18 2020.01
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：JALT Mind Brain and Education SIG
Other Link： https://sites.google.com/view/jalt-mind-brain-and-education/publications
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Creating Effective Learning Activities for Returnee Students Reviewed
Niall Walsh, Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 26 ( 2 ) 2019.11
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
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Ancestors:Researching and Sharing Personal Histories Reviewed International coauthorship
Brian Cullen, Ben Backwell
PanSig Journal 2018 2019.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PanSIG
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Active Learning Through Poster Presentations Reviewed International coauthorship
Brian Cullen, Ben Backwell
PanSig Journal 2018 2019.04
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：PanSIG
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Value in Textbooks and Learning Experiences Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 26 ( 1 ) 2019.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
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Magic Moments: Positive Psychology in Action in the Classroom
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of Sojo University Teaching and Learning Forum 2018 2018.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：Sojo University Teaching and Learning Forum
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Confusion, Agony and Ecstasy - A Material Writer's Perfect Storm Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 25 ( 3 ) 2018.11
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
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Practical Positive Psychology Activities for the Language Classroom International coauthorship
Brian Cullen
Stretching boundaries. Papers from the third International Psychology of Language Learning conference, Tokyo, Japan 7-10 June, 2018 2018.11
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：International Association of the Psychology of Language Learning (IAPLL)
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Positive Psychology: From the Classroom to the World Reviewed International coauthorship
Brian Cullen & Ben Backwell
JALT Postconference Publication - JALT 2017 2018.08
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
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The Rules You Live By: Clarifying Beliefs and Values in the Classroom International coauthorship International journal
Brian Cullen, Ian Roth
Humanistic Language Teaching 2018.06
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Pilgrims
This paper discusses how the development of autonomous, critical, and reflective thinking can be nurtured through an enjoyable classroom learning activity called The Rules of Life which facilitates the learner driven formulation of personal rules of life.
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Revisiting Goal Setting in NLP Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Acuity 7 27 - 40 2018.05
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Association of NLP (ANLP)
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A Case Study of a Textbook's Development Over 20 Years
Brian Cullen
New Directions 36 11 - 19 2018.04
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
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From Words to Symbols and Back Again Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen & Tom Fallon
The Language Teacher 42 ( 2 ) 21 - 22 2018.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
Other Link： https://jalt-publications.org/node/23/articles/24206-words-symbols-and-back-again
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Uniting Multiple Perspectives in Material Writing Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 25 ( 2 ) 10 - 16 2018.02
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/joomla/images/btk-cover-24-3.jpeg
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CLIL and the use of Content as a Context for Language Teaching Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 25 ( 3 ) 2018.01
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teaching
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Investigating the Effects of Repeated Reading and NLP Language Patterns on Reading Rate
Brian Cullen, Ben Backwell
Nagoya City University Kiyo 2017.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Nagoya City University
This paper investigates EFL student reading speed and describes a quasi-experimental study that attempted to quantify the effects of repeated reading and the use of NLP language patterns in the instructions. An experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30) carried out the same timed reading activity three times each lesson for five lessons. The instructions for the experimental group included NLP language patterns designed to promote faster reading. It was shown that the repeated reading is clearly correlated with gains in reading speed. With regard to the NLP language patterns, although there was an increase in mean reading speed, this was not shown to be statistically significant either within the lesson or over the course of the five lessons.
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Goal-Stepping: Setting and Clarifying Goals in Physical Space Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Mental Space Pyschology Society Newsletter 8 8 - 15 2017.11
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Mental Space Pyschology Society
This article explores goal setting within the framework of embodied cognition and mental space psychology and discusses how a proposed "goal-stepping" process can be used in combination with traditional goal setting techniques in order to exploit the space around our bodies to reduce the cognitive workload. A study of goalsetting in the context of a Japanese university (n=40) is presented and the results indicate that the activity creates significant improvements (p<0.01) in three variables: clarity about the steps involved in setting goals (+37%), level of motivation towards goal (+22%), and belief in the likelihood of achieving the goal (+23%). Participants also indicated strongly (mean=82%) that physically moving in space helped them to identify the required steps towards the goal.
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/35083191/Goal-Stepping_Setting_and_Clarifying_Goals_in_Physical_Space
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Rules of Life
Brian Cullen, Ian Roth
The Language Teacher 4１ ( 5 ) 27 - 28 2017.06
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teachers (JALT)
In The Rules of Life, Templar (2012) provides advice for living better. Some "rules" he proposes include, "Accept what is done is done" and "Dedicate your life to something." While these kinds of rules proposed by other people can be useful, this activity helps students to identify their own rules. This can foster learner autonomy and critical thinking while also providing a fun language learning experience. After coming up with their own rules, the students represent them graphically with icons and share their rules in short group presentations.
Other Link： https://mail.jalt-publications.org/node/23/articles/6380-rules-life
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Helping Students to Develop Skills for Setting and Achieving Goals Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Ben Backwell
PanSig Journal 2017 2017.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association of Language Teachers
This paper explores the process of helping students to develop skills for setting and carrying out goals in their academic and non-academic life. It may be of interest to researchers and teachers working in the areas of developing learner autonomy and critical thinking. The paper offers several learning activities that students have used successfully to carry out goals such as sports success, overseas study, raising TOEIC scores, and other personal goals. The learning activities are divided into two distinct groups: setting goals and carrying out goals.
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Utilizing NLP Language Patterns in Educational Settings Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Acuity Journal 6 66 - 77 2017.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Association of Neuro-Linguistic Programming
This article aims to examine the use and influence of teacher language and behaviours in educational settings from an NLP perspective and to demonstrate how teachers have a strong influence on the lifelong beliefs of students and wider society. It also discusses how NLP language patterns can be effectively used in the classroom, and reports on two related research studies which support the positive effects of Milton language patterns on performance and motivation.
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The Wheel of Life as a Classroom Coaching Tool
Brian Cullen
New Directions 35 1 - 14 2017.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper examines the use of a classic coaching tool, the Wheel of Life, in a classroom setting. Students' academic success takes place within the framework of all areas of their life, including relationships, work, health, and much more. The Wheel of Life is helpful to recognize the interrelationship and mutual influence of the areas in a person's life and to begin to coach self or others to achieve greater success in every area. In this study, students were taught how to use the tool and the results are discussed. The paper identifies the areas of highest and lowest satisfaction and shares student voices.
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Creative Writing Across All the Senses
Brian Cullen
New Directions 34 19 - 26 2016.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper introduces some simple and effective techniques for engaging students' imaginations and interest more fully in their writing. In order to highlight the importance of involving the senses in the creative writing and other learning processes, the paper also examines the role that the senses play in our imagination and the activation of a greater area of the brain.
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Clean Language in the Language Classroom
Brian Cullen
New Directions 33 73 - 78 2015.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper explores how the questioning techniques of Clean Language can be used in the EFL classroom to help students to explore and enrich their own metaphors in simple language.
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Modelling the Generation and Maintenance of Classroom Rapport Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Brad Deacon
The Proceedings of JALT International Conference 2013 2 ( 2 ) 38 - 47 2014.06
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
Rapport building between teachers and students is a critical component of any successful
learning community - a point emphasized by Stevick (1980) when he says, "success or failure in
a language course depends less on linguistic analysis and pedagogical techniques than on
what goes on inside and between the people in the classroom" (p. 4). So how do successful
teachers generate rapport with their students? The present study aims to answer this question
through modelling two exceptionally gifted rapport-building teachers using a tool called the
Experiential Array (Gordon & Dawes, 2005). This graphical tool was used in order to map out
the beliefs, strategies, emotions, and external behaviours of the teachers in this study. The
paper begins by examining the concept of rapport and outlining a methodology for modelling.
Several figures representing the results and a discussion of the key emergent commonalities
between each teacher are then provided. Finally, suggestions on how these results can be used
pragmatically to enable other teachers to generate rapport are given. -
Facilitating Learning Shifts Through Milton Model Language Patterns
Brian Cullen, Brad Deacon, Sarah Mulvey, Ben Backwell
The 2013 Pan-SIG Conference Proceedings 22 - 29 2014.05
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This paper taps into the fields of hypnotherapy and neuro-linguistic programming (NLP), and
more specifically the language patterns of the Milton Model (e.g. Bandler & Grinder, 1975a,
1975b, 1976; Grinder, DeLozier & Bandler, 1977), as tools for stimulating EFL learners' reading
and writing speeds. The paper begins and ends with a story that frames the importance of effective
communication in the classroom. Next it offers an overview of various Milton Model language
patterns, including short explanations of each pattern and contextualized examples as they were
used in each study within this paper. Then a brief outline of the two studies, the first on timed
reading and the second on timed writing, are included together with their respective results. Finally,
various conclusions are provided that support the usage of language patterns as tools to increase
students' reading and writing speeds. Ultimately, we will show that language patterns do have a
positive impact on student's ability to learn more effectively. -
Storytelling in the Brain and in the Classroom
Brian Cullen
New Directions 32 1 - 14 2014.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper reviews some recent research which lends evidence to support the intuitive and experience-based notion of teachers that stories are an effective teaching tool. This is followed with some practical tips for teachers on how to integrate storytelling into the classroom.
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Design and Management of the Common English Curriculum
Yuka Ishikawa, Joseph Essertier, Brian Cullen, Yukie Koyama
English Education for Science and Technology 15 - 20 2014.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article explains the rationale and implementation of an English curriculum.
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Eating the Elephant
Brian Cullen
English Education for Science and Technology 28 - 30 2014.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article takes a light-hearted approach to the learning of vocabulary by suggesting the metaphor of how to eat an elephant: one bite at a time.
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Remembering To Be Curious
Brian Cullen
Beyond 2 ( 3 ) 12 - 20 2013.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.) Publisher：Standing in Spirit
From its beginnings in the 1970s, at the heart of NLP has been the attitude of curiosity. When RichardBandler and John Grinder started NLP by modelling the language patterns of Fritz Perls, Virginia Satir,and Milton Erickson, they were really curious as to how these therapists were able to be far moreeffective in their communication than other people. This curiosity was their first step in being able to try to see the world from other points of view. It is this attitude of curiosity that makes it possible to step intosomeone else's map of the world and begin to understand the patterns that make up their excellent performance.
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/5380249/Remembering_to_be_Curious
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NLP Tips for Storytelling
Brian Cullen
Beyond 2 ( 3 ) 7 - 15 2013.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.) Publisher：Standing in Spirit
Storytelling has many benefits in the EFL classroom and other learning contexts including providinglistening practice, aiding in vocabulary acquisition, and motivating students. In this paper, we willintroduce some tips from the field of NLP to help you make storytelling into an even better learningexperience in your classroom or learning context.
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/5380253/NLP_Tips_for_Storytelling
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Metaprograms as a Tool for Critical Thinking in Reading and Writing
Brian Cullen
The official newsletter of the JALT Critical Thinking SIG 2013.09
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This paper examines how metaprograms can act as filters on our thinking and cognitive patterns and how they can be deliberately utilized as a tool in fostering critical thinking in reading and writing.
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Unmasking the Structure of Rapport Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Brad Deacon
Beyond: A Journal of Learning and Culture 2 ( 2 ) 16 - 29 2013.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Rapport building between teachers and students is a critical component of any successful learning community - a point emphasized by Stevick (1980) when he says, "success or failure in a language course depends less on linguistic analysis and pedagogical techniques than on what goes on inside and between the people in the classroom" (p. 4). So how do successful teachers generate rapport with their students? The present study aims to answer this question through modelling two exceptionally gifted rapport-building teachers using a tool called the Experiential Array (Gordon & Dawes, 2005). This graphical tool was used in order to map out the beliefs, strategies, emotions, and external behaviours of the teachers in this study. Thepaper begins by examining the concept of rapport and outlining a methodology for modelling. Several figures representing the results and a discussion of the key emergent commonalities between each teacher are then provided. Finally, suggestions on how these results can be used pragmatically to enable other teachers to generate rapport are given.
Other Link： https://standinginspirit.com/beyond_Journal/Beyond2-2_Cullen&Deacon.pdf
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Unmasking the Structure of Rapport
2013.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Rapport building between teachers and students is a critical component of any successfullearning community - a point emphasized by Stevick (1980) when he says, "success or failure ina language course depends less on linguistic analysis and pedagogical techniques than onwhat goes on inside and between the people in the classroom" (p. 4). So how do successfulteachers generate rapport with their students? The present study aims to answer this questionthrough modelling two exceptionally gifted rapport-building teachers using a tool called theExperiential Array (Gordon & Dawes, 2005). This graphical tool was used in order to map outthe beliefs, strategies, emotions, and external behaviours of the teachers in this study. Thepaper begins by examining the concept of rapport and outlining a methodology for modelling. Several figures representing the results and a discussion of the key emergent commonalities between each teacher are then provided. Finally, suggestions on how these results can be used pragmatically to enable other teachers to generate rapport are given.
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/4826099/Unmasking_the_Structure_of_Rapport
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Approaches to Material Writing Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 21 ( 1 ) 11 - 12 2013.04
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article examines different approaches to the writing of EFL learning materials.
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Competition, Community, and Connection
Brian Cullen
English Education for Science and Technology 41 - 44 2013.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article examines several key issues underlying the development of second language competence, all of which involve interaction with other members of the learning community: competition, community, and connection.
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Development and Implementation of the NIT Vocabulary Contest: Eliciting a Link with University Students
Yuka Ishikawa, Brian Cullen, Yukie Koyama, Joseph Essertier, Akemi Yoshida
English Education for Science and Technology 49 - 58 2013.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article discusses the creation and implementation of a vocabulary test in scientific English.
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Approaches to Materials Writing
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 21 ( 1 ) 11 - 12 2013.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper examines different potential approaches to materials writing in ESL.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/21_1.pdf
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Metaprograms for Literacy Development and Critical Thinking Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Avril Haye-Matsui, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of PanSIG 2011 Conference 61 - 67 2013.02
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This article shows how high-level strategies or metaprograms represent a form of thinking, and how they can be deliberately taught and utilized to encourage more critical thinking by students.
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/2377701/Metaprograms_for_Literacy_Development_and_Critical_Thinking
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The Effect of Teacher Language Pattern Use on Timed Reading Speeds
Brian Cullen
New Directions 2013.02
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
You probably remember a teacher who motivated you when you were in elementary school, high school, or university. When you think about that teacher again now, you may even be able to remember some of the words that teacher used, words that effectively motivated you to learn much faster and more easily than in other classes. As teachers, we are aware that students may be motivated or demotivated depending on which words and phrases we choose to use in the classroom, and an effective teacher carefully uses words and language patterns that influence students positively in their learning (see Cullen & Mulvey, 2012 for many examples of language patterns that you can use in your own classroom to motivate students.)
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Neuro-ELT: Incorporating the Findings of Neuroscience into EFL Materials Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Between the Keys 20 ( 3 ) 20 - 23 2013.01
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article examines how recent findings in neuroscience and the learning process can be brought to EFL materials creation.
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Language Patterns for Motivating Students Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Humanising Language Teaching 14 ( 6 ) 1 - 5 2012.12
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Pilgrims
You probably remember a teacher who motivated you when you were in elementary school, high school, or university. When you think about that teacher again now, you may also be able to remember some of the powerful words that teacher used, words that motivated you to learn much faster and more easily than in other classes. As teachers, we are aware that students may be motivated or demotivated depending on which words and phrases we choose to use in the classroom. An effective teacher carefully uses words and language patterns that influence students positively in their learning. In this paper, we will provide some examples of language patterns that you can use in your own classroom to motivate students. Perhaps in many years, those words will still be resounding in the minds of your students as they continue to motivate themselves in learning and other important skills.
Other Link： http://www.hltmag.co.uk/dec12/sart02.rtf
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The Library Reviewed
Brian Cullen
TranceScript 57 19 - 24 2012.10
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article is a short story which takes the form of a metaphor. This psychological metaphor is set in the context of a mystical library, but is really a representation of a person's mind and an illustration of how our memories can be changed or refocused.
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Using Metaprograms to Develop Critical Thinking and Literacy Skills Invited Reviewed
Brian Cullen
CT Scan 19 - 20 2012.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article describes how metaprograms can be deliberately utilized to facilitate critical thinking.
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Getting Back to Basics in Material Design Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Between the Keys 20 ( 2 ) 18 - 20 2012.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
EFL materials design tends to move from one trend to the next, and often the basic things that have always worked get thrown out. This article is based around an interview with a small publisher who has set himself the mission of sticking to the basics and helping students learn through simple methods that have always worked.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/20_2.pdf
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Collaboration, Meetings, and Networks: The Un-Lonely Life of a Textbook Writer Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 19 ( 3 ) 18 - 20 2012.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Writers are generally considered to be working alone in their own isolated world. But in today's online world, they are often connected to an international network from which they draw inspiration, information, and support. This article looks at this world and shows how it is not so lonely after all.
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Fluency Development through Skill Transference Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of the 10th Annual JALT PanSIG Conference 68 - 79 2012.03
Authorship：Lead author Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper reports on a classroom activity which was carried out at several Japanese universities. The students self-modelled by considering an activity that they had learned successfully in the past. They then utilized this modelling by considering how they could apply the same kinds of processes to something that they wanted to learn or improve.
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Effective Language Patterns in the Classroom Reviewed
Brad Deacon,Sarah Mulvey ,Ben Backwell
JALT2012 Conference Proceedings 1 - 8 2012
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Japan Association For Language Teaching
This paper begins with a discussion of the importance of teacher and student beliefs in the learning
process. The main body of the paper offers practical suggestions on how to convey these beliefs to
students through the usage of effective language patterns including Yes-Sets, modal operators, and embedded
suggestions. Advice on delivering suggestions using analogue marking is also discussed. In order
to quantify the effects of language pattern usage, a study was conducted and the results are reported in
the second part of this paper. The paper concludes with a short summary of a research study, which was
aimed at quantifying the benefits of these language patterns in the language learning process.Other Link： https://mail.jalt-publications.org/files/pdf-article/jalt2012-039.pdf
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The Effect of Teacher Language Pattern Use on Timed Reading Speeds
Brian Cullen
New Directions 31 1 - 10 2012
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (conference, symposium, etc.) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
You probably remember a teacher who motivated you when you were in elementary school, high school, or university. When you think about that teacher again now, you may even be able to remember some of the wordsthat teacher used, words that effectively motivated you to learn much fasterand more easily than in other classes. As teachers, we are aware thatstudents may be motivated or demotivated depending on which words andphrases we choose to use in the classroom, and an effective teacher carefullyuses words and language patterns that influence students positively in their learning (see Cullen & Mulvey, 2012 for many examples of languagepatterns that you can use in your own classroom to motivate students.)
Other Link： https://www.academia.edu/3289675/The_Effect_of_Teacher_Language_Pattern_Use_on_Timed_Reading_Speeds
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EFL Textbooks: Explaining Japan to the World
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 18 ( 4 ) 3 - 5 2011.06
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
One of the goals of English education in Japan is to help Japanese people to share their culture with people around the world in ways that enrich both their lives and the lives of the Japanese people. This article looks at how this idea can be incorporated into learning materials.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/19_2.pdf
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Poetry Writing in the EFL Classroom
Brian Cullen
New Directions 29 13 - 20 2011.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Writing poetry can be an interesting and useful occasional activity for students. It helps promote awareness of rhythm, intonation, pronunciation, imagery and other aspects of language. This article presents a number of ways to help students to write poetry more easily.
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The Sorting Hat Invited Reviewed International journal
Brian Cullen
Trancescript 52 3 - 4 2011.02
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Transformations New Zealand
This article examines how the story of The Sorting Hat in the book, Harry Potter, can be seen as a psychological metaphor for the choices that we make in our lives.
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Getting Creative in Our Materials Reviewed
Cullen, Brian
Between the Keys 18 ( 2 ) 2011.01
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article examines how writers can become more creative in their learning materials, and also how these learning materials can foster creativity in students in the classroom and beyond.
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Supporting L2 Creativity Invited Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Proceedings of Micelt 2010 Conference, Melaca, Malaysia 2010.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper provides a summary of a major research study which aimed to help L2 songwriters in overcoming difficulties in the creative process.
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The Infinite Possibilities of Scrapbooks Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Proceedings of the 8th Annual JALT Pan-SIG Conference 1 - 10 2010.08
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
Scrapbooks have been shown to be a useful way for students to personalize their learning and to share their own lives through a foreign language. This paper offers a variety of techniques for achieving this in the classroom.
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Writing for a book packaging company Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 18 ( 2 ) 5 - 9 2010.05
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Many modern textbooks are not written by a single author or even two authors who collaborate, but instead are rather 'packaged' by a publisher who creates them specifically for the needs of a particular client or market. This article reports on this process and how writers can start working within the system.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/18_2.pdf
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Applying Dilts' Model of Logical Levels to Language Learning
Brian Cullen
New Directions 2010.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
Dilts' model of Logical Levels is well-known within the world of coaching and therapy. This paper explores how the distinctions of Environment, Behaviour, Capability, Beliefs and Values, and Identity also provide a gateway into understanding language acquisition at different levels.
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Exploring Second Language Creativity: Understanding and Helping L2 Songwriters Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Leeds Metropolitan University 2 - 431 2009.11
Language：English Publishing type：Doctoral thesis
This study investigated how to help Japanese songwriters writing in English. It also aimed to evaluate and develop tools for probing the mental processes underlying L2 creativity. Evaluating various methodologies (corpus analysis of lyrics, interviews, verbal protocol analysis, and journal studies) led to eight case studies of Japanese L2 songwriters centered on the "dialogues of creation" which arose in one-to one songwriting workshops where the researcher adopted multiple roles including researcher, EFL teacher, creative coach, audience, and songwriter.
Songwriting was shown to be a flexible use of cognitive, social, linguistic, and psychological strategies to solve a "song puzzle," simultaneously manipulating mental representations, inner voice, external constraints of song norms and language, and internal constraints created by writing. Key requirements underlying L2 creativity were revealed as flexibility in strategy and language use, openness, creation of favourable circumstances, awareness of L1 norms, and development of craft through appropriate feedback and experiential learning. Other important issues addressed were motivations, inner and external validation criteria, borrowing and ownership, and L2 identity negotiation.
Three approaches to helping L2 songwriters were formulated: a language-centered approach highlighting deviation from English song and linguistic norms, a skills-centered approach utilizing an L2 songwriting model, and a learner-centered approach identifying characteristics of the "good L2 songwriter." Teacher mediation through songwriting exercises and feedback created an experiential and organic curriculum which facilitated rapid development of strategies and self-correction skills.
The investigation into mental processes, use of metaphor, and management of multiple roles may interest qualitative researchers. The descriptions of creative cognitive strategies in manipulating mental representations and inner voice, importance of inner validation, and process model of L2 songwriting may inform research in L1 and L2 creativity. Pedagogic implications for experiential learning, collaborative learning, organic curriculum, bilingual clustering, and L2 identity negotiation may contribute to EFL and ESP. -
A Corpus Analysis of English Pop Songs
Brian Cullen
New Directions 27 1 - 13 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper presents an analysis of a corpus of English language pop songs. It analyses lyric content, word frequency, common collocations, and the high percentage of interpersonal vocabulary used in these songs.
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Scrapbooks: Sharing Your World: Sharing ideas, lessons, and resources Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Sarah Mulvey
Conference Proceedings of JALT National Conference 2008 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper shows how scrapbooks are a motivational and effective tool for allowing students to share their personal interests in an unthreatening environment.
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Shared Identities: Our Interweaving Threads
Brian Cullen
PAC7 at JALT2008 Conference Proceedings 970 - 983 2009.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper explores the development of teacher identity and the influences upon it.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/recentpdf/proceedings/2008/E035.pdf
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Effect of POS-tags on Student Reading Comprehension for General Science and Academic Paper Texts
NAKANO Tomofumi, KOYAMA Yukie, CULLEN Brian
New Directions 26 1 - 11 2008.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper presents the results of an experiment to analyse the effect of pos-tagged data on reading comprehension. A total of 308 first and second year students at a Japanese engineering university participated in the experiment. The study produces preliminary evidence indicating that the use of POS-tags can cause a slight increase in student reading comprehension.
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Difficulties in L2 songwriting Reviewed
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 31 ( 10 ) 3 - 3 2007.10
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This paper presents the rules of a study investigating the challenges facing second-language songwriters and how they can be assisted in overcoming these challenges.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf/the_language_teacher/10_2007tlt.pdf
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Using EFL in Music in Japan Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Jim Smiley
The Language Teacher 31 ( 7 ) 2007.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article provides a historical review of the use of music in EFL in Japan.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf/the_language_teacher/07_2006tlt.pdf
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What are the Chords: Understanding L2 songwriting
Brian Cullen
New Directions 25 1 - 22 2007.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper is part of a larger study which aims to better understand the processes involved in L2 songwriting and to assist L2 songwriters to write better songs in English. This is a highly complex area that includes issues from L2 writing, creativity, music composition and many other research disciplines. In this paper, an attempt is made to gain understanding of the L2 songwriting processes by reducing the number of variables studied. Songwriting involves many different processes. In the same way that a song can be thought of as being divided into music and lyrics, so the songwriting process can be conceptually divided into music composition and lyric writing. While many songwriters do both at the same time, it is useful to try to isolate the two processes in order to investigate them separately. This paper reduces the amount of music composition by asking the participants to write lyrics to a supplied piece of music. It does not completely remove the music composition element, as considerable melodic freedom is possible in the task. It presents data from two Ll songwriters and two L2 songwriters. The main research question behind this study is to identify what processes these L1 and L2 songwriters use as they write lyrics to a piece of music.
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Tracing the flow of L2 creative writing
Brian Cullen
New Directions 24 1 - 17 2006.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution)
This paper takes a metaphorical analytical approach to the understanding of the process of creative writing. Through the metaphor of a sculptor creating and polishing his work, we gain a window of insight into the creative process and the difficulties faced at each stage.
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Writing the Winning Entry
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 12 ( 3 ) 10 - 14 2005.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This article reports on the writing of a sample textbook unit for a contest. It identifies the types of activity and visual presentation that publishers believe will best connect with teachers and students.
Other Link： http://www.materialswriters.org/betweenthekeys/13_1.pdf
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Talking About Potatoes: A Dialogue Between an Editor and a Songwriter Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Proceedings of NILE 10th Anniversary Conference, England 2005.09
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper analyses the dialogues that took place between two editors and a writer as they moved through the creation process of a series of songs for a children's education project. The dynamic interchange between creativity and the constraints such as length, singability, and other issues make this an interesting case study for those interested in areas such as material design or creativity.
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Water, Forest, Life Invited Reviewed
Brian Cullen
The Izumi 2005 ( 9 ) 46 - 48 2005.09
Language：Japanese Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：Osaka International Religious Appreciation Society
This article presents a summary of discussion forum at the Aichi Exposition.
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The Use of Japanese in College English Classes
Nagoya Institute of Technology Bulletin 52 ( 6 ) 65 - 70 2004.04
Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
This article presents the results of a research study investigating student attitudes towards teacher use of L1 in an L2 language class setting.
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Environmental and Ethical Issues in EFL Materials for Engineering Students
Brian Cullen, Eowyn Brown
The Proceedings of Peace as a Global Language Conference 21 - 26 2003.10
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
This paper explores how modern environmental and ethical issues can be introduced effectively into L2 learning materials in a way that raises awareness while also facilitating language acquisition.
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Monsters and Mazes: Metaphors for Teacher and Curriculum Change
Brian Cullen
Explorations in Teacher Education 11 ( 3 ) 27 - 35 2003.09
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper is based on a teacher trainer seminar in which teachers were encouraged to think about how to respond positively to change in their workplaces. It uses the metaphor from the book, Who Moved My Cheese, as a means of showing how people can respond to either productive or self-destructive ways.
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Technical English in the CALL laboratory. Local Decisions, Global Effects
Brian Cullen
Conference Proceedings of JALTCALL 2002 129 - 134 2003.05
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
The CALL laboratory offers many potential advantages and possibilities for the teaching of technical English. However, it also raises the danger of creating a barrier between the teacher and students and actually impeding learning. This paper looks at both sides and offers some potential ways forward to create a balanced learning environment.
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Teaching Materials for Scientific English Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Conference Proceedings of JALTCALL National Conference 56 - 61 2003.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
ESP, in particular the use of English in technology and science, has greatly grown in importance with the rise of the Internet. This paper offers some practical techniques and activities for incorporating the needs of the technical world into language textbooks.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/archive/proceedings/2004/E31.pdf
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Poster Presentations for Engineering Students Reviewed
Brian Cullen, Larry Pudwill
The Language Teacher 27 ( 1 ) 15 - 16 2003.01
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
Poster presentations are a powerful way of sharing information in a visual and informal manner, while allowing strong interaction between presenter and audience. This paper reports on our experiences in implementing poster presentations in technical English classes.
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Presentations in the Technical English Classroom Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Conference Proceedings of JALTCALL National Conference, 2002 112 - 119 2002.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)
Presentations in technical English classes face students with challenges far beyond general English classes. This paper examines ways to make the process smoother and to help students to share their technical language through the medium of a foreign language.
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Conversation Flow Plans
Brian Cullen
On Cue 9 ( 3 ) 23 - 27 2002.11
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This paper offers a simple technique for teachers to recycle conversation strategies in every lesson. It draws on discourse analysis and conversation analysis and shows how the ongoing emerging structure of conversation can provide ways to teach conversation more effectively.
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Book Review: Projects from the University Classroom
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 26 ( 4 ) 26 - 26 2002.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This short book review examines how the authors attempt to implement a task-based EFL methodology through projects which continue over multiple lessons.
Other Link： http://jalt-publications.org/files/pdf/the_language_teacher/04-2002.pdf
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You Can Communicate It Reviewed
Brian Cullen, John Morris
The Language Teacher 26 ( 3 ) 23 - 24 2002.03
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)
A short practical article sharing some tips on how to communicate more effectively.
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Poster Presentation Sessions in the Technical English Classroom
Brian Cullen
Nagoya Institute of Technology Bulletin 53 95 - 102 2001.04
Publishing type：Research paper (bulletin of university, research institution) Publisher：Nagoya Institute of Technology
This paper examines recent efforts to introduce project work into the Technical English curriculum.In particular, we would like to report on a poster presentation session as an example
of the kind of project that may become more common in Technical English.After describing the carrying out of the project and explaining its limited success, we provide an analysis based on the recent theoretical framework of task cycles and propose that this framework may be useful in the design of TE projects at technical universities. -
Developing Cross-Cultural Understanding through Dialogue
Brian Cullen
Conference Proceedings of JALT National Conference 299 - 306 2001.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
"As we enter the 21st century, the significance of
understanding cultural diversity increases.
Cross-cultural understanding develops in situations which require negotiation of meaning and identity in the context of another culture.
In our presentation, we showed how students can achieve negotiation and develop cross-cultural
understanding through dialogue in culture-based courses.
We also demonstrated effective techniques for facilitating dialogue in class and illustrated this dialogue with students' voices from action logs.
We conclude that developing crosscultural
understanding entails redefining both the native and
target cultures in each learner's mind through interactions in a collaborative classroom environment." -
PracticalTechniques for Teaching Culture in the EFL Classroom International journal
Brian Cullen
The Internet TESL Journal 6 ( 12 ) 12 - 17 2000.12
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：iTESLj
This paper presents a range of practical techniques which can bring the richness of the world of culture into the classroom in ways that both motivate students and facilitate language acquisition.
Other Link： http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Cullen-Culture.html
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Using Songs in Learner-Designed Materials
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 24 ( 2 ) 41 - 42 2000.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
Involved learners in materials development can be a powerful way of engaging them and offering a sense of agency that leads to better attitude towards the foreign language. This paper offers songs as an easy and enjoyable way to begin learners on this journey.
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Book Review: Lessons From Nothing
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 25 ( 1 ) 38 - 38 2000.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
No matter how well-planned a lesson may be, every teacher sometimes finds themselves with a few minutes to spare at the end of a lesson. Rather than letting the students out early, this book offers techniques that can be carried out with no materials at all except what is already available in a standard classroom.
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Techniques in the Culture-Based Classroom
Brian Cullen
Conference Proceedings of JALT National Conference 229 - 232 2000.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This article explores a range of techniques for integrating culture into language courses in a way that supports acquisition of both language and content.
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Is English Really Neccessary For Everyone: Japanese Voices Raised in Opposition
Conference Proceedings of JALT National Conference 557 - 563 2000.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
Because of the very nature of their job, language teachers are pleased when they see students successfully mastering a foreign language and become frustrated when they see other students falling short of their true potential in foreign language acquisition. English teachers in Japan, who usually focus on the day-to-day efforts of their students to improve their English language skills, understandably regard successful acquisition of these skills as an unqualified `good thing'. Many of them would also probably argue that it would be unfair to confine this `good thing' to only a small minority. However, there is a significant body of opinion in Japan that would disagree with this sentiment. The purpose of this paper
is to introduce the work of two major Japanese scholars who are arguing that the Japanese people should cease their headlong rush into English language immersion. -
Song Dictation International journal
Brian Cullen
The Internet TESL Journal 5 ( 11 ) 1 - 4 1999.11
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：iTESLj
This article describes a simple dictation activity for the EFL classroom using song lyrics as the primary text. The motivational effects and other benefits of using songs are presented along with several examples.
Other Link： http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Cullen-SongDictation.html
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Songs in the Discussion Classroom
Brian Cullen
Aston University 1 - 52 1999.08
Language：English Publishing type：Master’s thesis
This paper examines the use of songs in the foreign language discussion classroom. It aims to demonstrate that songs can be a powerful pedagogic tool in discussion and to establish a framework for the design of materials which incorporate songs.
The use of appropriate music in the classroom has motivational effects for most learners. In addition, music has strong physiological effects and the resulting affect can positively influence cognition. Music may also encourage greater use of the right hemisphere of the brain and lead to a more holistic approach which increases the rate of language acquisition. The text of songs offers the advantages of authenticity and its features make it easily understandable to language learners. The universal themes enable it to to lead into almost any discussion topic and the personal perspective of the song participants direct it towards the central issues of the topic.
In order to identify the meanings which are available for discussion, a model of meanings
in music and song is developed by drawing on work from psychology and musicology. The meaning in music and song is influenced by four factors - musical structure, social context, physiological nature and cognitive nature. These interact to form meanings in the mind of the listener. These meanings can be grouped into three types - representation of external meanings, expression of emotions and musical meanings. The large variety of meanings or possible interpretations of a song is seen as a positive rather than a negative point in the discussion classroom where their statement and resolution can produce a rich interchange of views.The four factors which influence these meanings are explored in detail and extensive examples of how they may be realized in discussion tasks are given.
Moving from theory to practice, a framework for incorporating these discussion tasks into
coherent materials is presented. Various options for presentation, comprehension, exploitation and
discussion of the song are examined. These are illustrated with reference to a sample set of
materials. In this way, teachers can easily produce their own materials. Songs can also be employed to encourage students to produce discussion materials. This can lead to greater learner autonomy and considerable learning outside the classroom as well as providing opportunities for teacher development.
The paper concludes by reiterating the powerful role that songs can play in language
acquisition in the discussion classroom and outlining some possibilities for further research. -
Student Recordings in Oral Communication Assessment
the Chukyo University Kiyo 1999.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
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Songs in Learner-Designed Materials
Brian Cullen
Between the Keys 7 ( 2 ) 4 - 18 1999.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
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Meanings in Song : A Model for EFL Material Design
Brian Cullen
On Cue 7 ( 1 ) 3 - 7 1999.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This article examines the meanings which emerges from songs using a multiple perspective framework including sociological meanings, physiological meanings, personal meanings, and associative meanings. It shows how all of these meanings can be utilized in the creation of motivational discussion tasks.
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Student Recordings in Oral Communication Assessment
Brian Cullen
Chukyo University Bulletin 11 ( 1 ) 17 - 25 1999.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
This article presents the results of a research study carried out at a Japanese senior high school which aimed to investigate the benefits of having students carrying out oral communication tasks in the form of audio recordings.
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Book Review: Oxford Bookworms Factfiles: Ireland
Brian Cullen
The Language Teacher 23 ( 10 ) 46 - 47 1999.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：The Japan Association for Language Teaching
This short book review examines one of the recent books from the Oxford Factfile series which focuses on Ireland.
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A Study into Brainstorming Before Speaking Tasks
Brian Cullen
Chukyo University Bulletin 12 ( 1 ) 71 - 80 1998.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
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Brainstorming Before Speaking Tasks International journal
Brian Cullen
The Internet TESL Journal 4 ( 7 ) 12 - 20 1998.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：iTESLj
An article exploring the impact of carrying out a brainstorming activity on the type of language produced in EFL speaking tasks.
Other Link： http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Cullen-Brainstorming/
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Music and Song in Discussion International journal
Brian Cullen
The Internet TESL Journal 4 ( 10 ) 6 - 9 1998.04
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：iTESLj
This article offers possibilities for the integration of music and song into discussion activities in the EFL classroom. It also suggests how students can be involved in the materials creation process.
Other Link： http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Cullen-Music.html
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Technical English in Japanese Universities: ESP or Diversity?
Aichi University of Education Bulletin 51 105 - 111 1997.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic) Publisher：Aichi University of Education
When ESP (English for Specific Purposes) began to change teaching styles in the 1960s, it was assumed that English courses at universities would become more and more subject-specific in order to take account of the needs of individual groups of students.
Despite this world-wide trend, teaching of technical English and other varieties of specific English has never really been fully developed in Japanese universities.
In this paper, we would like to investigate to what degree specificity can be increased, with particular reference to technical English provision at one Japanese university and to a questionnaire given to teachers involved with these classes. We show that greater specificity can only be successfully be achieved if the diverse needs and aims of both students and teachers are carefully considered, assisted by the development of dedicated course book material. -
A Case for Using Japanese in College English Classes
Brian Cullen
On Cue 9 ( 3 ) 4 - 9 1997.04
Publishing type：Research paper (other academic)
This paper describes a study which attempts to establish guidelines and parameters for the use of Japanese in EFL classes (English as a foreign language).
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Impressions and Thoughts of Oral Communication
Brian Cullen
Doho Tsushin 6 - 7 1995.07
Language：English Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal) Publisher：Doho High School
This article discusses oral communication at a Japanese senior high school.
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Utilizing Computers to Optimize Retaining Wall Design Reviewed
Brian Cullen
Trinity College Dublin 1 - 75 1991.06
Language：English Publishing type：Thesis (other)
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